The Expert Guide to the Columbia Supplement

The Expert Guide to the Columbia Supplement SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Just 6% of candidates are admitted to Columbia consistently. Would you like to be one of them? Assuming this is the case, you’ll need to compose stunning Columbia papers as a major aspect of your application. In this article, we’ll plot the various kinds of expositions you have to compose for your Columbia Supplement and show you how to compose a paper that will assist you with standing apart from the a huge number of different candidates. What Does the Columbia Supplement Include? In the same way as other significant schools and colleges, Columbia University requires its candidates to submit papers as a feature of their application for affirmation. Columbia necessitates that you compose a sum of three articles and answer five short answer questions. You’ll need to answer a brief gave by the Common Application or Coalition Application, contingent upon which one you use to present your Columbia application through. You’ll likewise need to react to two Columbia-explicit short exposition questions. The Columbia article prompts offer you a lot of chances to flaunt your capabilities as a candidate and wow the entrance advisory board. The first, and longest, exposition that you’ll compose for Columbia will be founded on one of the paper prompts gave by the Common App or the Coalition App, contingent upon which application you use to apply to Columbia. In the event that you need to figure out how to compose an extraordinary exposition for the Common App or Coalition App, look at our committed blog entries on every subject. Columbia Essays, Analyzed In this area, we’ll be taking a gander at both of the Columbia supplemental expositions inside and out. Keep in mind, each candidate must answer both article prompts, so you don’t get the opportunity to pick which paper you might want to compose. You’ll need to answer each article brief unequivocally on the off chance that you need to be admitted to Columbia. Let’s investigate every one of the two Columbia supplement questions and perceive how to compose something significant for each. Columbia Essay Prompt #1 If you don't mind mention to us what you esteem most about Columbia and why. (300 words or less) This brief is misleadingly basic. While the inquiry is brief, you should take care to answer it with explicit data about Columbia and why it is the best college for you. The entrance advisory board is keen on finding out about your interest inside and outside of the homeroom, so don’t feel like you need to restrict your communicated enthusiasm for Columbia to its scholarly assets. For example how are you intending to use Columbia’s area? That being stated, recollect that the most significant thing here is to be explicit. Despite the fact that the way that Columbia is in NYC can surely be a draw, don't utilize city life as your point it’s excessively wide and will sound unscrupulous. A superior answer is discussion about the organizations Columbia has with the numerous organizations that are in New York City or to examine how certain Columbia classes coordinate with the world-class galleries close by. The board of trustees is searching for understudies who will exploit every one of that Columbia brings to the table them as an organization so be straightforward in your reaction, and do some exploration. Rather than essentially saying that Columbia has incredible scholastics, broadly expound on a teacher you respect or a class you are eager to take. Perhaps there is a temporary position or explicit program that you just approach through Columbia. Being explicit is more remarkable than talking in summed up maxims. Don’t feel restricted to your latent capacity major. You don’t need to expound exclusively on your anticipated course of study. Truth be told, this brief is a chance to differentiate your scholarly portfolio, in a manner of speaking, and show the advisory group that you’re inquisitive and open to new thoughts. Columbia Essay Prompt #2 The third exposition that you’ll compose for Columbia will rely upon the school that you’re applying to. Columbia’s application has various prompts for Columbia College and The Fu Foundation School of Engineering And Applied Sciences. While the prompts are fundamentally the equivalent, the procedures will contrast somewhat dependent on the school to which you’re applying. Columbia houses various fields of study under every one of the universities. On the off chance that you’re intrigued by the Arts, Life Earth Sciences and Humanities, you’ll apply to Columbia College. On the off chance that you’re keen on Engineering, you’ll apply to the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. The universities are not the equivalent every survey its candidates independently and you’ll take distinctive educational program contingent upon the school that you’re acknowledged to. While you can have the opportunity to discuss diverse scholastic interests in this brief, you should ensure that you’re discussing encounters that are at identified with the school you’re applying to. Don’t wax on about how you need to compose like Keats if you’re applying to the building school. Columbia College Prompt In the event that you are applying to Columbia College, mention to us what from your present and past encounters (either scholarly or individual) pulls in you explicitly to the field or fields of study that you noted in the Member Questions segment. On the off chance that you are right now unsure, it would be ideal if you expound on any field or fields wherein you may have an enthusiasm as of now. (300 words or less) Despite the fact that this paper gives you a possibility show yourself as a balanced individual who has a wide range of interests and abilities, ensure that you are portraying a genuine, genuine encounter from your life that motivated you to seek after your anticipated major in school. On the off chance that you do not understand what you’re going to study, it’s still critical to depict an encounter that propelled you to think about and study something. It very well may be basic, yet it must be certified. Columbia’s board of trustees is bound to pay heed to a genuine enthusiasm for something you really care about than an overstated record of your experience serving soup at an asylum that one time with your school’s National Honors Society part. Expositions are an extraordinary chance to introduce yourself as a balanced individual. Don’t rehash data that the board of trustees can discover somewhere else on your application. Set aside the effort to share fun, individual insights regarding yourself. Be explicit the advisory group needs to get a genuine image of you as an individual. Don’t simply state that you love to play computer games, state precisely which computer games you love and why. This article is additionally an incredible time to flaunt your locale the companions, family, colleagues, and so forth who make up your present life. Since the brief gets some information about close to home encounters, you can discuss the profound bonds you have and how they have influenced you. What the entrance advisory board for the most part needs to see is that you’re a mentally inquisitive understudy. Whatever your enthusiasm is, expand on how it has become a scholarly interest. For example, if you’re keen on considering Classics, you can discuss how you’ve looked into the starting points of various fantasies. In the event that you care about contemplating news-casting, talk regarding why you’re so enthusiastic about an unbiased press. Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science Prompt On the off chance that you are applying to The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, it would be ideal if you mention to us what from your present and past encounters (either scholarly or individual) draws in you explicitly to the field or fields of study that you noted in the Member Questions area. (300 words or less) This Columbia article brief is actually equivalent to the brief for Columbia College, with one major admonition: there’s no space for being uncertain here. In the event that you’re applying to The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, you’ll need to choose a field or fields of study. Since you’re required to choose your latent capacity field of study, your paper should be identified with that determination. You have to relate your course of study to your own advantages, not what you think the entrance advisory board needs to hear. Don’t state that you need to design an issue the world’s clean drinking water lack since you think it sounds great to the individuals perusing your article. That’s not to state you can’t talk about giving more individuals clean drinking water-you simply must have an individual association with issue. Need to get into Columbia or your own top decision school? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best affirmations counseling administration. We consolidate world-class affirmations advisors with our information driven, restrictive confirmations systems. We've supervised a great many understudies get into their top decision schools, from state universities to the Ivy League. Become familiar with PrepScholar Admissions to augment your opportunity of getting in. Columbia Short Answer Questions Analyzed In 150 words or less, it would be ideal if you list a couple of words or expressions that portray your optimal school network. This inquiry pose to you to depict what you are searching for from your school network. Community is key here-you’re not simply discussing scholarly understanding. You ought to likewise specify what you need from your companions and out-of-class life, as well. The other key to this brief is curtness you have to make a great deal of progress in under 150 words. You don’t need to squander words here. You’ll need to express what is on your mind rapidly and obviously. You ought to portray a network that reflects Columbia’s values: a spot where scholarly interest and thoroughness are organized. That being stated, you don’t need to sound trite or like you’re over overstating. Don’t state that you need to take an interest in interminable abstract salons just to sound keen. Rather, make statements that really sound valid: e.g., you wa

Thom Gunn’s Donahue’s Sister :: Donahues Sister

Thom Gunn’s Donahue’s Sister   â â Thom Gunn was a writer who regularly composed of basic hardships in consistently life.â Gunn’s composing style and selection of subjects makes it clear that he was writing in the center to late twentieth century, and this is the thing that attracts individuals of today to his work.â I accept that in addition to the fact that people are ready to relate better to Gunn in light of his point determination but since of the timeframe most of his work is written in.  â â In the twentieth century, especially since the 1950’s or something like that, we have seen as a general public; the appearance of AIDS, an expanding measure of single parent families, an expansion in medication and liquor use among youngsters, debate over homosexuality, and an expanding number of occurrences where we, as a nation, have seen that cash and force can get anybody off for any wrongdoing or wrong-doing.â In â€Å"Donahue’s Sister†, Gunn composes according to a perspective that beyond what half of our populace can presumably identify with in light of the fact that practically we all know somebody with a drinking issue or have one of our own.â â€Å"Donahue’s Sister† shows the dissatisfaction of a sibling as he clarifies the level of seriousness that his sister’s drinking issue has reached.â The sonnet places us in Donahue’s body from the beginning so as though we are seeing her remaining at the leader of the s teps, inebriated past recovery.â Although there is without a doubt space for various translations, I trust â€Å"Donahue’s Sister† is composed by Gunn basically to show the annihilation that compulsion can do to an individual or a relationship.  â â In this paper, I will endeavor to make Gunn’s voice heard by how I decipher the sonnet, and by doing so I would like to show how applicable this sonnet was to the decade it was written in, the 1980’s.â I additionally will investigate some different prospects of how this may have identified with or influenced Gunn directly.â at the end of the day, what variables may have been answerable for his composing this sonnet.  â â The start of the sonnet portrays the sister standing eye to eye with Donahue at the leader of the stairs.â She is in her own intoxicated world, which is alluded to as her â€Å"private world† all through the poem.â This delineation is exact of a flushed who accepts that they have everything leveled out and that the world they are in is in reality preferred for them over the calm world; reality.

Linguistic Autobiography - Free Essay Example

I was born in Maywood, IL at Loyola Hospital and I was raised in Westchester, IL. My familys language background is English. However on my fathers side I am Polish, yet I have never learned how to speak it or ever heard it from any of my family members on that side. As a baby the first voice I recognized the most was my mothers. I recognized my own name, so anytime someone called out my name I would pop my head up. Babbling and gibberish came first then around the time I was 1 years old I said my first words, which were mama and couscous (this was my so called version of the word pretzels.) Being the first born so I was around my parents and my grandparents more than anyone else. My mother always read to me, then once I began learning how to read she would listen to me to make sure I was reading fluently and pronouncing everything correctly. And of course there was the occasional baby talk that I went through as well. The constant look at the little baby, and look how cute you are was a language itself. Being around my grandparents they loved to sit down and conversations with me. So I was able to pick up on their words and comprehend their use of dialect. Throughout middle school and high school grammar was hammered into the curriculum. Teachers put a strong emphasis on nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and almost everything else that could be categorized into the subject of grammar. I can recall one of my teachers who said Grammar is the backbone of your reading and listening comprehension. I didnt value grammar because I believed as long as you could talk you didnt need it. However I had it all wrong. Without grammar we would all be talking in the wrong tenses, using the incorrect words to describe people and places. Grammar is indeed the back of everything to do with not only with reading and listening but just simple communication. When I was fully capable of understanding myself in terms of language and dialect I was able to understand the difference between the two. Almost everyone I knew spoke English, however some individuals had different dialects. For example my grandmother on my moms side is from New York and she has an accent. Including my grandparents on my dads side who were from Tennessee. They are all fluent in English but they just sound different based on where they come from which I was able to notice right away. When I entered high school was when I was faced with linguistic prejudice. For a majority of my classes we had essays, socratic seminars, group discussions, and class presentations: Some teachers were so surprised that I spoke properly and sounded intelligent and turned the remarks into compliments. However I was offended because it was perceived that I didnt have the ability to speak and present myself in such a high manor. Your looks shouldnt depict whether or not you can speak properly or sound intelligent. To add I do believe I am linguistically secure because I have strong confidence in the use of my own language. Ive been speaking English for years and Ive grown to have a vast variety of vocabulary. Having linguistic security has a strong impact on my linguistic behavior because it makes it easier to speak and to understand language in the context of text. The only thing I can say dislike about linguistics is the process of learning another language. I strongly disliked taking Mandarin in high school during my sophomore year. It was nothing against the language it was just a complex subject. Not only did you have to know the characters, but the writing system which was Pinyin (Latin form) and the pronunciation was which a Beijing dialect. Overall my relationship to language has changed in a way, however it is still progressing. As I advance in college there is no doubt it will get stronger. But as of now my relationship to language open and is ready for improvements to gain more knowledge.

Internship Reflection - 1099 Words

When I first began my Internship, I was very nervous. Ages 0-5 was a new population that I would have been working with and I had no prior experience. Therefore, I knew that there was a lot to learn in this new population. At first, it was very difficult because I had to adjust to the rhythm of the agency in regards of their work (i.e., client notes, home visits, and meetings). I am only there at the agency for 2 days so our duties as clinicians can become overwhelming if not managed on time and effectively. It is still the beginning of internship and I see myself as a learner to become a practitioner. Internship is putting everything that I have learned in school in practice with clients. Through this time, I have also been ab le to†¦show more content†¦Now, I am slowly finding my rhythm and managing my time ore accordingly so I have room to learn and less room to worry about what I didn’t do or what needs to be done. I feel that at my internship my supervisor and I are slowly learning about self-awareness in which will lead to helping to recognize and navigating ethical issues that could arise. Due to supervision being consistent, I feel that it gives me, as an intern, more room for discovery and also explore it with my supervisor when issues arise. The recent ethical issue that has come along is in accepting a gift or items from a client. It was a bag of cookies that they were gifting, but I had set a boundary with the client. Also, let them know that they didn’ t have to give me anything. In the process of rejecting the cookies from the client, they became very upset then I agreed in accepting because I realized that client sharing their goodies with me was a huge step because one of the clients has issues with is sharing and for them to take a step and share what they had was actually progress towards their goals. One of the theories that we focus on at out agency is the attachment theory. We were briefly introduced to attachment theory in out agency but through my Human Behavior in the Social Environment course I was able to furthermore explore the concept and at the agency I was able to apply it. ForShow MoreRelatedReflections On My Plant Engineering Summer Internship At United Parcel Service2475 Words   |  10 PagesReflections on my Plant Engineering Summer Internship at United Parcel Service Introduction My Plant Engineering (PE) internship experience at United Parcel Service (UPS) allowed me to utilize all that I have learned at Florida Polytechnic University and apply it to real-world work experience. Thus expanding upon my previous knowledge while simultaneously allowing me to grow in new ways that cannot be taught in the classroom. Interning at UPS has helped highlight my fortes and flaws as notRead MoreInternship Reflection : Summer Internships1402 Words   |  6 PagesSummer Internship Reflection Jorry Zhang It’s no secret that internships are the most effective way for students to gain work experience before graduation. In fact, studies show that 7 out of 10 internships turn into full-time jobs. Summer internships provide extremely valuable experience in my chosen field, and they are also plentiful. Because I m too busy to commit as an intern during the school year, the summer could be a great option for me. During this summer break I interned at a network companyRead MoreInternship Reflection754 Words   |  4 PagesI had an amazing time on the ranch for my internship, and feel like I learned a lot about communication and trust. We were given so much responsibility on a daily level that you learned to communicate well with the people around you. 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At this internship I was able to do basic accounting tasks like balancing checkbooks, booking to general ledger, going over profit and loss statements, and creating balance sheets, but I was also able to do things like help work on and prepare documents for different tax cases. This opened m y eyes to a possibly a new career path that I can look into taking in the future. Before starting my internship I was intimidated because I was not sure what I wasRead MoreInternship Reflection Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesMy Reflection: I have been very lucky to complete an internship with Wayne County Bank this summer. It was a rewarding experience and I have gained valuable knowledge that will be beneficial to me as I continue to pursue my career in Finance. Growing up in a small town with a bank that truly serves our community is inspiring. As a high school student, I volunteered to help WCB in any way needed at the Relay for Life or any other activity they hosted. 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I have through the school tours been training to be a docent, but one day in the past two weeks I had official docent training with other students. Everyone learned the story of the Eel-Stowe and Nathan Clark-Stockade house. Also, we were taught where the lights were in each house, and how to uncover the windows, objects, and hide the covering before the visitors came to the house. Then

If A Person Gains Personal Enhancement Through Prominence

If a person gains personal enhancement through prominence as an expert in a public controversy, such prominence may transfer him into a limited purpose public figure. In Gilbert, a well-known plastic surgeon sued one of his patients for establishing a website criticizing unsuccessful surgeries performed by the surgeon. The court held the surgeon voluntarily thrust himself into the controversy of plastic surgery by appearing on local television shows as well as writing articles in medical journals and beauty magazine, promoting the virtues of plastic surgery. Additionally, the court held that the surgeon’s sought-after prominence as an expert in and advocate for plastic surgery as means of personal enhancement transferred him into a limited†¦show more content†¦The court held that the president had injected himself into the controversy, and he was a limited purpose public figure. Moreover, the court held that even though there was a period of time when the controversy was not discussed publicly, the president’s public figure status did not end spontaneously with the stopping of the publicity. Rather, the public figure status continued as long as the particular controversy continued. A company’s publication on a public forum with the purpose of influencing a controversy may be voluntary injection. In Ampex, a former employee posted negative comments about a company on an Internet message board, accusing his former employer of incompetence and the company’s management of being defective. The company issued press releases in response to the defamation, and made them available on the company Web site. The court found the company had voluntarily injected itself into the public controversy, because the Web site was a public forum that the company frequently made public announcements on it for people to view. Publishing the issued press releases on a public forum to influence the public opinion and counter the negative comments, such actions was sufficient to prove the injection, because these actions had inserted the company into the public’s eye about the controversy. Similar to theShow MoreRelatedThe Human Genetic Engineering Debate Essay1823 Words   |  8 Pagespaleontology, and many more scientific fields. However, some of the fastest growing subjects are in the field of biological sciences, more specifically genetics. Over the past twenty years a new genetic science known as genetic engineering has come to prominence. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology, including a human’s genome. As a result, scientists have begun to experiment with altering human traits, known as â€Å"designer babies.† In response, many issuesRead MoreCell Phone2102 Words   |  9 Pagesthe cellular phone has undergone massive evolution over time from the bulky hand-held telephone at its beginning to the hand-held mobile devices it is today. Through evolution the cellular phone has a positive effect on society. The cellular phone started essentially as a communication device. However, it has evolved into a personal organizer, a mobile office, an instrument of distribution of culture and knowledge among other utilities. The society has seemingly evolved alongside the cellularRead MoreEmerging Issues in Marketing10554 Words   |  43 Pages as well as modifying advertising. But to define green marketing is not a simple task. The terminology used in this area has varied, it includes: Green Marketing, Environmental Marketing and Ecological Marketing. 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These findings generally conform to gender stereotypes found in prior research and extend the research regardingRead MorePublic Health Paper12265 Words   |  50 Pagesevidence reviewed demonstrates clearly that poor health without appropriate resources or intervention is cumulative and that the ‘right’ form of intervention can bring about long term health gains. Intervention from a national agenda needs to include individual’s health and the health of the community brought about through joint partnerships and multi-sectorial working. The environment Historically, the environment was seen to be causative of ill health and disease, precipitated by inadequacy ofRead More TapNet Business Plan Essay7528 Words   |  31 Pagesbusinesspeople engaged in furthering or protecting their mutual interests. Associations include professional, business, technical, and civic societies. Trade associations are believed to have existed in ancient Egypt and China. 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Meteora Concert free essay sample

Thank you, sir. Enjoy the show. I carefully placed the remainder of my ticket in my wallet, not wanting to ruin the only tangible reminder I would have of this event. I was 13 minutes late for the beginning of the 2004 Meteora World Tour. The drums were already pounding as I took three stairs at a time to get to the top of our section as quickly as possible. At the top, what I saw almost knocked me off my feet. Story of the Year was playing Anthem of Our Dying Day and I was instantly hurled into a sea of sound. It was as if every sound wave in the stadium bounced off each person and ricocheted directly at me like light off a diamond. Gradually, I became aware that there were people everywhere packed into the floor section, stacked up practically to the ceiling, and in every seat of every row of every section! I had never seen so many in one place with all their energy focused on one thing. We will write a custom essay sample on Meteora Concert or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hoobastank played next, and then P.O.D. took the stage for the best show yet. Then the lights went out, but you could see people setting up the stage to host what almost everyone there considered the greatest band alive. You could almost taste the ecstasy in the air, and I do not mean drugs. Finally Linkin Park! Rapper Mike Shinoda, singer Chester Bennington, guitarist Brad Delson, bassist David Farrell (a.k.a. Phoenix), DJ Joe Hahn and drummer Rob Bourdon took the stage and immediately started playing. Chester unleashed his famous howl and everyone was singing along or screaming, depending on your point of view. Im gonna need your help with this one. Its called Its Going Down!' The beat started and Mike said, When I say Its going, you say down! Its going! he screamed. Down! the audience roared. Linkin Park had the audience help them with a bunch of songs and it felt like we were actually connecting with the band. The audience played a crucial role and had the same effect on the music that a sounding board has on a guitar: it channeled the sound and made it 10 times better. I got to see my favorite bands perform my favorite songs live it doesnt get any better!

The Significance of Colonialism Essay Example

The Significance of Colonialism Essay Whether it is all consuming character of Prospero, the vainglorious superiority of the Utopians or the savage greed of the first English Virginian colonists; there is a common will exercised in these three literary texts: conquer and take all. It is my aim in this essay to prove how an underlying theme of colonialism is being operated and advocated in these three texts, as a means of the progression and enrichment of a society specifically European and even more specifically white and English. To attempt to discuss the discourse of colonialism in these texts, it is important to locate them in the historical and political climate of the time. During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, England was experiencing a vast array of problems, both internally and externally. The foremost of these were a private-enterprise seaborne war against Spain (James 5), and a litany of potentially subversive Catholics resident within England itself and of course the newly acquired issue of overpopulation. An influential group of English courtiers and councillors, including the Earl of Leicester, Sir Francis Walsingham and Sir Walter Raleigh, (James 5) saw the vision of an expansionist Empire across the sea in the New World as the solution to many of these difficulties. Many plays, pamphlets and images were circulated which accorded with these aspirations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Colonialism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Colonialism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Colonialism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, accounts of the miraculous survival of members of the company of the Sea Adventure, wrecked off Bermuda in 1609, are said to have provided Shakespeare with an immediate source for The Tempest (Tmp) (Brown 48), and there is much evidence to suggest that Shakespeare had America in mind when writing this play as, the spirit, Ariels songs are seen to be based on Algonquian dances and intended Caliban to be representative Indian and Prospero a planter. (Wilson 333). Utopia is said to be inspired by accounts of the communistic way of life observed in some of these new found lands, although it is an imaginary world whose backbone is based upon slavery. Needless to say, Utopia seems to have inspired some of the ideology behind the concept of colonialism during this era, such as this portion from the play Eastwood Ho, which was written by George Chapman, Ben Jonson and John Marston and first performed in London during the summer of 1605. In this fragment, Captain Seagull describes th e wealth of the Virginian Indians: Why, man, all their dripping pans and their chamber pots are pure gold: and all the chains, with which they chain up their streets, are massy gold; all the prisoners they take are fettered in gold; and for rubies and diamonds, they go forth on holidays and gather em by the seashore, to hang on their childrens coats. (James 4) This description bears an uncanny resemblance to the Utopians treatment of gold, written by More almost a century earlier, and proves that Utopia contributed greatly to the adventurous beliefs associated with these new lands across the ocean. they make their chamber pots and close-stools of gold and silverof the same metals they likewise make chains and fetters for their slavesThey find pearls on their coast, and diamonds and carbuncles on their rocks; they do not look after them, but, if they find them by chance, they polish them, and with them they adorn their children (More 25) A Map of Virginia (Virginia) was written by John Smith as a promotional literary piece to encourage new settlers to the Virginia colony, for al is open for labor of a good and wise inhabitant (Smith 80). It is a historical, anthropological and geographical piece of literature which details the people and the commodities of the region and how those commodities may be used and made profitable. Consequently it is evident that a theme of colonialism is deep rooted in these texts, as Tmp and Virginia were written at the epicentre of the expansionist age, and Utopia written at the dawn of this era, when news of these new lands and peoples as just beginning to reach English shores and a dream of an empire was being pondered upon. It is interesting to note that the word colony comes from the Roman colonia which meant farm or settlement, and referred to Romans who settled in other lands but still retained their citizenship (Loomba Colonialism 7). In Tmp, Prospero is ousted from his dukedom of Milan and arrives on the island on which the play is set and sets up his own colonia on the isle, after expropriating it from its previous owner, the poisonous slave (Shakespeare 1.2.319), Caliban. This subjugation of Caliban, is justified by Prospero due to the tyranny of his mother, thy wicked dam (Shakespeare 1.2.320) Sycorax and to his innate savage behaviour, on whose nature / Nuture can never stick (Shakespeare 4.1.188-9). Although when Prospero first arrived on the isle, relations were quite cordial between the two, as Caliban recounts: When thou camst first, / Thou strokst me and made much of me ; wouldst give me / Water with berries int, and teach me how / To name the bigger light and how the less and then I loved thee, / And showed thee all the qualities othisleCursed be that I did so! (Shakespeare 1.2.332-339) Prospero masked his dependence on Caliban for information about the island with displays of physical affectionOnce petted, Caliban now remains penned like a pig, but on a rock barren of all food. Tales of initial native hospitality and sharing of fold and resources were stock-in-trade of English colonisers (Seed 203). Similarly, in Virginia, initial relations were positive, with regards to the relationship between that of John Smith and the Powhatan tribe of Amerindians. When the colonists first arrived in the Cheapeseake Bay area, the people in al parts kindly intreated them (Smith 31/32), and even after some disorder between the two groups, so moved are the Indians by the suffering that the starving colonists are enduring that they even share their corn with them: God the patron of all good indeavours in that desperate extreamity so cha~ged the harts of the Salvages, that they brought such plenty of their fruits, and provision as no man wanted. (Smith 35) After Smith is captured by the Powhatans, he manages to mesmerise them with his knowledge of science and geography, and in doing so is able to trick them into believing that he and his associates are of a superior power to them and come in friendship. This is reminiscent of the way that Prospero once loved and petted Caliban, teaching him how to name the bigger light and how the less burn by day and night. So he had incha~ted those poore soules (being their prisoner) in demonstrating vnto them the roundnesse of the world, the course of the moone and stares, the cause of day and night the largenes of the seas the qualities of our ships, shot and powder, The devision of the world, with the diversity of people, their complexions, customes and conditions. All which he fained to be vnder the command of Captaine Newport, whom he tearmed to them his father. (Smith 16-17 (38)) Prospero and John Smith use their knowledge to gain control over the dominions that they seek to conquer. Prospero has an aide in the spirit Ariel, who can subject the poor Caliban to endure tremendous pain and torments: Thou shalt have cramps,/ Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up. Urchins/ Shall, for that vast of night that they make thy work, / All excercise on thee. Thou shalt be pinched / As thick as honeycomb, each pinch more stinging / Than bees that made em. (Shakespeare 1.2.325-330)) One of the ways that Prospero marks out Caliban as inferior is by his physical appearance. He is described as a freckled whelp, hag-born-not honoured with a human shape. (Shakespeare 1.2.283-284), and later in Act 2 Trinculo arrives on the island and encountering Caliban, gives a description of his appearance: What have we here-a man or a fish?A strange fish ! Were I in England now, as once I was, and / had but this fish painted, not a holiday-fool there but would give a piece of silver. There would this monster make a man-any strange beast there makes a man. / When they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead Indian. Legged like a man, and his fins like arms! (Shakespeare 2.2.24-34). What Trinculo could possibly be making reference to here is to the possibility that Indians who died in England could have possibly been embalmed, clad in their indigenous attire and put on show for paying audiences, as no records attest to the departure or burial of more than a dozen Amerindians whose presence in England during Shakespeares lifetime is certain (Vaughan 58-59). Calibans subjugation is also justified because he is the spawn of a wicked dam (Shakespeare 1.2.320), the foul witch Sycorax (Shakespeare 1.2.257). There is no doubt that Sycorax was an African woman, as Prospero outlines her banishment from Algiers by the king of Tunis. Sycorax is branded as inferior due to her blackness, her female gender and then finally for the black arts that she practised and did harm with. The magical power that Prospero holds never comes into question for he is a white male and even though his sorcery too is evil and causes harm, he is protected by the colonial hegemony he has establis hed upon the island. Thus Prospero establishes a colonial power which is specifically white and male. He goes to great pains to enroot this belief by reminding the spirit Ariel of the cruel life enforced upon him by the islands old queen: This damned witch Sycorax, / For mischiefs manifold and sorceries terrible / To enter human hearing, from Algiers / Thou knowst was banished-for one thing she did / They would not take her lifeThou, my slave, / As thou reportst thyself, was then her servant,Refusing her grand hests, she did confine theeInto a cloven pine (Shakespeare 1.2.264-277). Prospero sees himself as superior and therefore reasonable in his enslavement of Caliban; because of Calibans assumed physical defects, his lineage from the corrupt witch Sycorax and his uncivilised behaviour. Prospero has confined Caliban on the hard rock (Shakespeare 1.2.343) because of an unsuccessful attempt to rape Miranda, but previous to this act, Prospero and Miranda had attempted to educate and civilise Caliban with disappointing results. Abhorred slave, / Which any print of goodness wilt not take, / Being capable of all ill! I pitied thee, / Took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour but wouldst gabble like / A thing most brutish But thy vile race- / Though thou didst learn-had that int which good natures / Could not abide to be with ; therefore wast thou / Deservedly confined into this rock, / Who hadst deserved more than a prison. (Shakespeare 1.2.350-361). Caliban is a failure at learning properly the language that Miranda has gone to such great pains to teach him. Prospero once even once lodged thee/ In mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate / The honour of my child (Shakespeare 1.2.346-348). Miranda teaches Caliban language with the intention of conscripting him within the project of moral renewal but his wicked deed culminates in him being dispossessed and driven from her presence (Gillies The Figure 194). Calibans fall is reminiscent of Aristotles theory of the natural slave; unable to learn a language succinctly and incapable of bridling his sexual desires, Calibans punishment is a lifetime of servitude and shame. Thus his failure at education and misdemeanour provides Prospero with rationale for the expropriation and enslavement of Caliban. Patriarchal colonial rule is established upon the isle with Prospero as supreme head of state; protecting his pure, virginal daughter (even though she is quite capable of uttering a pr ofanity herself) from the unchecked carnal desires of the deformed Caliban. This preoccupation with preventing sexual connections (or even the threat of such contact) between English women and native men (Seed 211), has proven itself to be an enduring characteristic of many British colonies, where it has often been used the reasoning behind many cruelties and displays of violence (Seed 211). Something that would have resonated with Shakespearean audiences who watched this play were the many images circulating during this time, depicting the Sceptred isle as full and the New World as empty (Seed 205) as English colonists wanted to begin peopling the excess English population into this new territory; a concept which resonates with The Tempest during Calibans speech upon his failed attempt of raping Miranda and therefore unable to realise his dream: Thou didst prevent me-I had peopled else/ This isle with Calibans. (Shakespeare 1.2.348-349) In Virginia, special attention is also paid to the physical appearance and habits of the native Indians. He describes their attire as being assembled in a rude manner and the natives are viewed in subhuman, animalistic terms. In describing the character of the Powhatan tribe, Smith writes: Some are of disposition fearefull, some bold, most cautelous, all SavageThey are soone moved to anger, and so malitious, that they seldom forget an injury (37). (A stark contrast to Smiths description of them as seeming of an honest simple disposition earlier in the text). Smith accuses the Indians of child sacrifice, and of executing a fellow colonist, George Cassen, of a most merciless and cruel method of death (de-jointing a victim, then disembowelling him, finally setting him alight while being bound to a tree throughout the entire ordeal). Although these situations could have possibly occurred, he has evidence to support neither of them. Both accounts are merely hearsay, are hardly objective and obviously entered with the desired effect of swaying the judgment of the reader to thinking of the engrained savage nature of these Indians. There are many other tirades launched against the Indians (despite them saving the colonists from starvation out of compassion) but the cornerstone of his argument for civilising them is their religion, as Smith outlines their Chiefe God they worship is the Diuell. Him they call Oke serve him more of feare then loue. Smith writing this during a period of extreme religious piety in England and the actuality that the majority of the first colonists were God fearing Puritans, highlights the point that Smith was trying to make that these Indians were heathens and to colonise and therefore civilise them was Gods will. And end to the high glory of God, to the erecting of true religion among Infidells, to the overthrow of superstition and idolatrie, to the winning of many thousands of wandering sheepe, vnto Christs foldhave strayed in unknowne paths of Paginisme, Idolatrie and superstition (Smith ?). These new aims that claimed by Smith and his followers are quite different from the aims that Smith acknowledged the Virginia Company had outlined for them as to discover the country, subdue the people, bring them to be tractable, civil and industrious, and teach them trades, that the fruits of their labours might make vs recompence, or plant such colonies of our own that must (Smith ?). The use of religion as a means of suppression advocated by Machiavelli years before hand; he himself having traced the idea back to the foundation of the Roman Empire, when Romuluss successor, Numa Pompilius, finding a very savage people, and wishing to reduce them to civil obedience by the arts of peace, had to recourse to religion as the most necessary and assured support of any civil society (Greenblatt 20). The Virginia colonists aspirations to introduce the Indians to Christianity seem to be very suspicious especially when one considers the occasion when Smith fooled the Indians into thinking he was of a status of a demigod; capable of raising the poor Indian boy from the dead once his brother swore never to steal again. Even though Smith portrayed himself as a staunch Christian and as outlined previously stated that he wanted to bring an end to Paginisme, Idolatrie and Superstition, he exploited the superstitions of the Indians. The Indian king, Powhatan, asked Smith, what will it availe you, to take that perforce, you may quietly have with loue, or to destroy them that provide you food? (Smith). Powhatan was completely aware of the Virginia Companys true intentions, and there was very little Christian compassion and love engrained in them. Like Prospero, once Smith had gotten the information that he needed in order for James Town to prosper, he required a valid reason to force the Indians into submission, for as he said, For we haue a rule to finde beyond your knowledge (Smith). The Utopians, on the other hand, have already mastered the art of subduing and colonising, for although they do not hasten to go into war; when they do, they totally vanquish the enemy. Firstly, they do not use their own men in the war but employ a mercenary army of a neighbouring tribe, the Zapolets, who are a rude, wild and fierce nation, who delight in the woods and rocks, among which they were born and bred up. They are hardened both against heat, cold and labour, and know nothing of the delicacies of life (More 39). Once the Utopians have struck down their enemies and entered into their lands, they never lay their enemies country waste nor burn their corn, and even in their marches they take all possible care that neither horse nor foot may tread it down, for they do not know but that they may have use for it themselves (More 41). The use that they make of these newly conquered lands is to establish somewhat a form of a colony, extracting taxes from the occupied country. When a war is ended, they do not oblige their friends to reimburse their expenses; but they obtain them of the conquered, either in moneyor in lands, out of which a constant revenue is to be paid themThey send some of their own people to receive these revenues, who have orders to live magnificently, and like princes, by which means they consume much of it upon the place; and either bring over the rest to Utopia, or lend it to that nation in which it lies. (More 41). In Utopia, the whole foundation of their civilisation has been founded upon conquest and colonisation. For as their history records: Utopus that conquered it (whose name it still carries, for Abraxa was its first name) brought the rude and uncivilized inhabitants into such a good government, and to that measure of politeness, that they now far excel all the rest of mankind (More 17). The Utopians regard slavery as a normal part of their culture, and similar to Prosperos chastisement of Caliban, use it as the punishment even of the greatest crimes; for as that is no less terrible to the criminals themselves than death, so they think the preserving them in a state of servitude is more for the interest of the commonwealth than killing them; since as their labour is a greater benefit to the public than their death could be, so the sight of their misery is a more lasting terror to other men than that which would be given by their death. If their slaves rebel, and will not bear their yoke and submit to the labour that is enjoined them, they are treated as wild beasts that cannot be kept in order, neither by a prison nor by their chains, and are at last put to death. (More 35). Another sort of slaves are the poor of the neighbouring countries, who offer of their own accord to come and serve them; they treat these better, and use them in all other respects as well as their own countrymen, except their imposing more labour upon them, which is no hard task to those that have been accustomed to it. (More 33). A form of communal living presides in the countryside, people living together in country families, which consist of no fewer than forty men and women in it, besides two slaves (More 17). All of the most menial and unpleasant tasks of Utopian life are performed by these slaves, such as the slaughter and butchering of animals, for they suffer none of their citizens to kill their cattle, because they think that pity and good natureare impaired by the butchering of animals. (More 23). The Utopians regard themselves as morally and intellectually superior to these slaves, but due to their love of education, take it upon themselves to redeem these slaves through knowledge and pestilence.